Flight - A review of the film

I recently viewed the film Flight directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Denzel Washington in the title role.  While the acting was first rate, I found the theme of the film, like most commercial productions, to be lacking.  However, looking at the problems with this film made me look at the plot of this production in a different light.

The Plot

The film portrays a talented airline pilot who battles against his addiction to drugs and alcohol.  This pilot was flying a plane that had defective mechanical problems.  Because of his extraordinary skill, he managed to save the lives of most of the passengers.

However, the press, his employer, as well as the government responded to this heroic effort by making the pilot the scapegoat for the plane crash.  They all responded with righteous indignation about the fact that the pilot was intoxicated when he was flying the aircraft.

The problem with this story is that it has been done so many times in the past, and that most of these efforts fail to look at the causes for drug addiction in this country.  In my opinion, this problem needs to be looked at as a social problem and not as a problem to be solved, or not solved, by the individual who is addicted to chemicals.

The Problem

First, we can look at the problem.  Anyone who lives in the United States has a better chance of going to prison than citizens living in any other nation in the world.  Half of the individuals in prison are there because of drug related charges.  The number of African Americans convicted of drug related offences is grossly out of proportion to the percentage of African Americans who use or sell drugs.

While college students are paying astronomical tuition fees, most of these same students consume huge amounts of alcohol.  One would think that with all the money spent by these students for their education, they would find their studies to be compelling.  If these studies were compelling, why do many students feel the need to drink themselves to oblivion?

Today the U.S. armed forces are carrying out of war in Afghanistan.  Afghanistan is one of the primary sources of opium in the world.  The U.S. government also has excellent relations with the governments of Mexico and Columbia.  Much of the economies of these nations has been dedicated to exporting illegal drugs to the United States. 

Cuba used to be a major supplier of drugs to the United States.  Since the Cuban revolution, the illegal drug trade from Cuba stopped.  The United States government has enforced an embargo against Cuba since the revolution.

Drug addiction, Capitalism, and Malcolm X

So, what does all this have to do with the causes of drug addiction?  The answer is that capitalism makes life for working people alienating.  People hold down jobs so a tiny minority of the population can live in affluence.  The number one priority of corporations is to provide profits for the owners.  This drive for profits gets in the way of providing goods and services to the workers who produce all these goods and services.

Denzel Washington also starred in a film about the life of Malcolm X.  Malcolm also had a problem with drug addiction.  However, Malcolm developed a perspective where he understood that society was the cause of the problems in the Black community.  He argued that Black people had the potential to advance a political movement where they would take control of their communities. 

By advancing this political course, Malcolm convinced many people to have pride in themselves, and to be a part of the struggle to transform the politics of the world.  Malcolm argued that he was not about teaching people about their oppression.  He worked to teach people about their heritage, their humanity, and their worth as human beings.  He said that when you do these things, then you will get action.

For me, this is the compelling story that needs to be told about how to fight drug addiction.  In other words the struggle against drug addiction is no different from the struggle to liberate humanity.  

    

   

Why I voted for James Harris

Well, this is only the first month of President Obama’s second four-year term in office.  Already he has shown that he has every intention of continuing his all out, unrelenting war against working people.  Understanding this, I have a sense of satisfaction for having voted for James Harris, the Socialist Workers Party candidate for President.  To understand why I feel this way, we can look at the policies of President Obama over the past few months.

The two percent tax increase

The President has welcomed working people to his new term in office with a two percent tax increase.  He justified this horrendous policy with jargon about the so-called need to pay down the debt, and how we don’t want to “fall off the cliff.”  The reality is that Obama has favored dumping trillions of dollars on banks that he feels are “too big to fail.” 

One bank that received huge amounts of government money through their relationship with the American International Group or AIG happens to be HSBC.  HSBC happens to be the bank that was found to lauder money for Mexican and Columbian drug cartels. 

James Harris has a different approach to the taxes working people pay.  He argues that workers provide services at their jobs and this is the only payment that workers should be making.  Capitalist politicians argue that capitalists, who do no useful work, should receive enormous “incentives” like the bailout money for the banks.  James Harris argues that these same capitalists, who represent no more than one percent of the population, pay all taxes.

Hurricane Sandy

When we see the horrendous effects Hurricane Sandy, this crisis did not happen because of the hurricane.  No, the cause of the crisis related to this hurricane came from either government action or a lack of action. 

First, we need to look at the fact that throughout the capitalist world working class families are effectively forced to live in low-lying areas that are prone to flooding.  Far Rockaway, Queens is one of these areas and the residents of this area were especially hit hard by the hurricane.

Today we are seeing a trend in how the United States government deals with natural disasters like hurricane Sandy and Katrina.  First, they refuse to carry out a comprehensive evacuation plan that treats citizens with the dignity we deserve.  Then, they call those people who do not evacuate “stupid.”  Then, they refuse to pay for the damage caused by the disasters.  The results of these policies have meant that hundreds or thousands of people lost their lives, and thousands more never received adequate compensation for their losses.

James Harris points to the Cuban government that responds to hurricanes by organizing comprehensive evacuations where even chickens, dogs, and cats are evacuated.  Although the Cuban government has significantly fewer resources as the United States, even the poorest Cuban residents are given assistance to rebuild after the hurricane.

War

Like the presidents before him, President Obama has made war against some of the poorest people in the world his top priority.  Literally hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent to murder civilians in Afghanistan and Pakistan.  Why would anyone who has political power support this policy that appears to be so profoundly stupid?

Today about 40% of the world’s population lives on two dollars per day or less.  These people produce commodities that allow about 250 families to have more wealth than half of the world’s population.  The United States government typically goes to war to make sure people who live in dire poverty continue to live in dire poverty.

Some people from other countries make an attempt to escape the poverty they experience by working some of the worst jobs in the United States.  President Obama has already deported over one million people, more than any other president in history.

James Harris understands that our true enemies are hunger, homelessness, unemployment, poverty, illness, ignorance, and alienation.  He argues that a workers government would view human needs as more important than profits.  With these kinds of priorities, humanity can go on an all out war against our real enemies. 

How can this be possible?

Certainly tens of millions of people voted for Barrack Obama or Willard Mitt Romney because they felt this was the most rational thing we can do.  James Harris only received a tiny percentage of the vote.  So, why do I feel that his political orientation has a chance of success? 

Today the world capitalist system is in the midst of a profound crisis that can only get worse.  Working people are not mindless automatons who will simply go along with whatever the government has to offer. 

The United States was born as a result of a political revolution.  The Civil War was another revolution that abolished chattel slavery.  Then, the labor, civil rights, and anti-war movements changed the consciousness of people in this country. 

It is just a matter of time before working people begin to understand two basic facts.  One is that there is no meaningful future to the capitalist system.  The other point is how working people all over the world have the potential to transform our lives and make profound improvements in our standard of living. 

This is why I voted for James Harris and why I believe working people have the capacity to transform the world.

More information about the politics of the Socialist Workers Party can be seen at:

themilitant.com     

Les Misérables – A review

Victor Hugo’s classic novel Les Misérables has been made into numerous theater and film productions.  The current film, starring Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean appears to be the most realistic rendition.  What most reviewers fail to mention is how this story continues to be a profound critique of the world we live in today.  In order to see this relevancy we need to take a look at the story.

The story

As a child Jean Valjean saw his sister’s child starving to death in France during the early years of the 19^th century.  This prompted Valjean to steal a loaf of bread.  The police arrested Valjean and he served 19 years in prison.  Five of those years were for stealing the bread and 14 years were added on to that sentence for several escape attempts.  The authorities released Valjean on parole, but he needed to violate that parole in order to find employment.

After several years Valjean changed his name, became the owner of a factory, and the Mayor of the town where he lived.  A police inspector named Javert discovered Valjean’s true identity and dedicated himself to apprehending the escaped convict.

In the meantime, a woman named Fantine, who worked in Valjean’s factory, hid the fact that she was supporting a child that was born out of wedlock.  When her co-workers discovered Fantine’s secret, they pressured a foreman to fire the unwed mother.

Fantine then did whatever she could to continue supporting her daughter Cosette, but eventually died because of the life she needed to live.  At this point, Valjean cares for Cosette as if she were his daughter.

In the midst of this story the French Revolution erupts.  Young people begin to see how a completely new political system was necessary and they organized to overthrow the military.  In the process, the revolutionaries arrested Police Inspector Jabert and sentence him to death.

Valjean was given the task of executing Jabert, but he has mercy on his nemesis and allows Jabert to escape.  This act transforms Jabert and he realizes that his core values of police enforcement were all wrong and he commits suicide.  Jabert says that Valjean’s act of mercy, in effect, killed the essence of who he was.                

Today’s reality

As of the year 2011 there were 50.1 million people living in the United States who are food insecure or hungry.  Many states have a three-strikes and you’re out law that mandates sentences of 25 years to life for those who are convicted of three thefts.  Most of the prison population consists of people convicted of drug related offences that do not necessarily harm anyone but the user.  These are some of the reasons why the United States has more prisoners, per capita, than any other nation in the world.

During the last sixty years the United States government has made it a practice of going to war against nations that are some of the poorest in the world.  Many of the residents of these nations such as Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan experience the same kind of poverty as we see on the pages of Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables.  Millions of people in those nations have perished because of these wars.

The government, the media, as well as corporations encourage working people to blame our problems on other workers who do not measure up to corporate standards.  Along these lines, we see the media searching for individuals on public assistance who manage to receive more money than the horrendously meager allotments they receive.  This same media has no serious problem with the trillions of dollars allocated to the owners of banks that are “too big to fail.”

Unlike Police Inspector Jabert, the political officials in the United States haven’t come to the realization that their core values are one big lie.  No, Presidents Obama, Bush, and Clinton actually believe that enriching the affluent will, in some way, benefits the millions of people who will go to be hungry this evening.  They also believe that the best way to aid people in some of the poorest nations in the world is to kill them.

Victor Hugo understood that the answer to the problems of 19^th century France could not be solved by appealing to the political officials of that day.  No, things reached the point where the people took to the streets and attempted to organize a movement to solve the problems of their day. 

Given the enormity of the disparity of wealth in the world, Victor Hugo’s ideas appear to be just as relevant today as they were over one hundred years ago.     

My 60th Birthday

On December 22, 2012 I reached the age of sixty.  This was a milestone and I decided to spend the day with Judi visiting the Longwood Gardens which is about forty-five minutes from our home in Philadelphia, PA.  The gardens are beautiful and visiting Longwood is a nice escape from our day-to-day lives. 

Longwood used to be the 1,077-acre estate of Pierre S. du Pont.  Ferdinand Lundberg argued in his book The Rich and the Super-Rich that the du Pont’s were the most affluent family in the nation.  This was because the du Pont’s not only owned DuPont Chemical Corporation, they also owned an enterprise known as General Motors.  This enormous wealth not only built the Longwood Gardens, but just about ten minutes from Longwood is the 979-acre estate that was owned by Pierre’s relative Henry Francis du Pont.  The gardens on this estate are called Winterthur.

Located at Longwood is one of the largest conservatories in the world.  There are rooms in the conservatory that house plants from every climate that include: tropical, desert, and temperate.  We happened to be there to view the dinner table the du Pont’s would have had when Pierre was alive.  A photo of that holiday table is pictured above and it might have had about 40 place settings.

One thing the official tour neglects to mention is that every penny that the du Pont family owned, and continues to own, came from the profits derived from thousands of auto and chemical workers.  Without the day-to-day toil of all these workers the du Pont’s never would have been able to amass the fortunes they enjoy.

Finding a place to eat

After visiting Longwood, Judi suggested that we have dinner at a restaurant in Kennett Square which is just a few minutes from the gardens.  The restaurants in this town appeared to be pretentious and over-priced.  It was a cold day and for a few minutes we didn’t know where we’d be eating.

Then, I had the idea of visiting a local bookstore and thought that someone there might know about a good place to eat.  We discovered that this bookstore was a voluntary venture where the books are donated and the profits go to a charity.  I saw a hardcover biography of Franz Fanon that I wanted.  The original price was $40 and the bookstore price was $4.  When the sales people learned that I was celebrating my birthday, they gave me the book as a gift.

The proprietors of the bookstore recommended a Mexican restaurant, Taqueria Moroleon, which was about fifteen minutes from Kennett Square.  Driving to the restaurant we passed the mushroom farms and hot-houses. 

The Kennett Square area is the center of mushroom farming in the United States.  Due to the insanity of the capitalist system, workers from Mexico travel to Kennett Square to pick mushrooms, working under horrendous conditions.  This is so we can have mushrooms in our pizzas, omelets, and pasta sauce.  The Spanish word for mushrooms is championes.

In the middle of these mushroom fields was a truck depot.  We saw eighteen-wheel tractor-trailers that, no doubt, carry those little mushroom boxes we see in the supermarket. 

The Taqueria Moroleon was an excellent suggestion.  The food was as good as any Mexican food I’ve ever had.  Unlike the pretentious restaurants in Kennett Square, the crowd at the Taqueria appeared to be working-class which made us feel right at home.

Well, this is how I celebrated sixty years on the planet earth.  While we both enjoyed the day, clearly there needs to be a lot of work to make this a world where there is human dignity for all.

You can see my photos of Longwood at:

https://plus.google.com/photos/117583195426315887323/albums/5826007964269786305?authkey=CLTS0efastbFLg

       

The Untold History of the United States – By Oliver Stone – A review

Oliver Stone has produced a ten-part documentary on the history of the United States for the Showtime network.  This documentary is based on the book of the same name that Stone co-authored with Peter Kuznick.  Stone’s purpose in preparing this project has been to give his audience a different picture of the history of this country.  While Stone gives us a number of facts most people are unaware of, the core of his point of view promotes a pro-capitalist perspective.  In order to do this, he must continue to keep essential historical facts hidden from the public.

What is capitalism?

In order to give some perspective to what a rational history of the United States would look like, we might start with an explanation of what the capitalist system is.  Capitalism came about because there were problems that emanated from societies ruled by royal families of kings and queens.  A new capitalist class emerged that was fundamentally interested in manufacturing commodities for profit.

This new class represented a progressive change in history.  For the first time there were mass production industries that had the potential of ending poverty in the world.  The problem of capitalism is that while the potential exists to eliminate poverty, because profits are the top priority, poverty is an absolute necessity of the capitalist system. 

Another problem of capitalism is the instability of this system.  For various reasons, the percentage of profits on investments tends to fall.  We can see this clearly when we look at the history of interest rates on savings accounts.  In the 1960’s and 1970’s the interest on savings accounts was about four to five percent.  Today, that same rate of interest is less than one percent.

This means that capitalists need to invest more and more in order to have a smaller and smaller rate of return on investments.  This state of affairs provokes capitalists to invest hundreds of billions of dollars every year in advertising.  This huge investment allows capitalists to maximize sales, selling commodities that many of us do not use. 

The falling rate of profit also demands that capitalists be obsessed with cutting costs.  This is why many capitalists have moved their operations to other countries in order to take advantage of lower labor costs.  This is also why capitalists have been, lowering the standard of living in the United States by giving wage increases that do not keep up with inflation.  The result has been that wages for working people have, in effect, been cut at a rate of about 30% over the past thirty years.

All of this means that depressions do not happen because of mistakes by capitalists or politicians.  No, when people who have power are obsessed with maximizing sales and minimizing costs, then, economic crisis’s are inevitable.

Therefore, while the potential has existed to eliminate poverty for quite a long time, the capitalist world moves closer and closer to another depression.  In their book, Untold History, Stone and Kuznick showed how during the last depression banks closed their doors and capitalists cut industrial production by 50%.  This was at a time when the official unemployment rate was twenty-five percent.

When we understand these facts, there is only one conclusion.  The only way to counteract the crisis caused by capitalism is to put in place a different kind of political economic system where human needs and not profits are the priority.  When capitalist politicians advance their strategies, they can only lead to the same kind of human made catastrophe that emerged in 1929.

Would Henry Wallace have been a better President?

One of the themes of the Untold History is to argue that the United States would have had a better government if Henry Wallace became President.  Wallace was the Vice-President in the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt up until a few months before Roosevelt’s death.

Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick argue that if Wallace became president, the government would have been more tolerant of the Soviet Union.  They also argue that had Wallace become President, the government would have been more supportive of labor and more critical of corporate power. 

Certainly Wallace made numerous statements that would make someone think that a Wallace presidency would have been different.  However, it is always best to judge people, not only by what they say, but by what they do.

Henry Wallace was the Vice-President under the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.  The record of the FDR administration is there for everyone to see.  Roosevelt probably used federal troops in attempting to break more strikes than any other President in history.  In spite of this vicious opposition, many labor unions won representation during the Roosevelt administration.  Roosevelt signed the Wagner Act that gave workers the right to the union representation they had already won through labor battles against corporations.

During the depression, as we might imagine, working people had an extremely harsh view of corporations.  Everyone knew the simple fact that corporations caused the depression that resulted in immense hardship.  Roosevelt manipulated this sentiment by making statements critical of corporations, while he viciously advanced policies that defended those who controlled corporate power.  Stone and Kuznick showed how Roosevelt refused to nationalize the banks even after millions of working people lost their savings.  This action protected the wealth of capitalists at the expense of working people.

Roosevelt refused to support the Costigan-Wagner Act that would have outlawed lynching in the United States.  Anti-lynching legislation had been advanced for over a decade.  Thousands of Black people had been lynched and the federal government rarely acted to prosecute the murderers.  However, Roosevelt was a democrat and the Democratic Party, as well as the Ku Klux Klan, ran the governments in the Jim Crow states.  Roosevelt did not want to antagonize his fellow democrats and refused to sign the Costigan-Wagner Act.

Roosevelt also adapted to this viscous racism by sending about 120,000 citizens of the United States, who happened to be Japanese, to concentration camps.           

               

Stone and Kuznick showed how Henry Wallace was from Iowa and became the Secretary of Agriculture before he was named Vice-President.  Wallace signed legislation that ordered farmers to destroy crops and young hogs in order to increase the price of food and clothing.  Wallace was clearly troubled by signing this order.  However, he signed the order and made it more difficult for people who were suffering during the depression to purchase the necessities of life.

Would Wallace have been friendlier to the Soviet Union?

Stone argued that Wallace would have been friendlier to the Soviet Union than President Harry S. Truman.  Challenging this assertion is easy when we look at the facts.

Historically superpowers have always dominated the capitalist system.  Before the first and second world wars, Britain was the world’s superpower.  The world wars signaled the fact that the British empire was collapsing.  Germany, the United States, and Japan were the world powers that were attempting to replace Britain as the world’s superpower.

Fascist Germany had taken military control of much of Europe.  When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, most analysts didn’t think this invasion could have been stopped.  Germany had dominated Czarist Russia in the first-world war. 

Joseph Stalin, the head of the Soviet government, had betrayed the revolution, murdered all of its leaders as well as many of the top ranks of the officer corps.  In spite of the fact that the Germans had prepared for the invasion, Stalin was taken completely by surprise when the German troops invaded.  Yet, in spite of Stalin’s horrendous lack of intelligent leadership, the Soviet Union defeated the German armed forces at a cost of over 20 million lives.

For the United States government, this appeared to be like a gift made in heaven.  The nation that was working to dominate the world had been defeated and, at this point, the U.S. didn’t need to make much of an effort.  Only after Germany had been defeated in Stalingrad did the Allied forces invade at Normandy.  While the U.S. never engaged more than ten German divisions in the war, the Soviet Union engaged 200 German divisions.

This was the reality that caused the U.S. government to temporarily change its hostile relations with the Soviet Union and send some aid to their Russian allies.  However, the U.S. is a nation dominated by capitalist relations.  Before and after the second-world war, the United States had hostile relations with the Soviet Union.

Clearly, no one knows what the world might look like had Henry Wallace become President of the United States.  However, Wallace proved himself to be a consistent capitalist politician and there is no reason to believe that had he become President, that the history of the world would have been significantly different.

(to be continued)

37 schools may face closure in Philadelphia

Yesterday I received a real estate tax bill in the mail that says I owe about 20% more than I paid last year.  This morning I read a front-page story in the Philadelphia Inquirer about how 37 public schools in the city will probably be closed.  So, the city government is telling me that we will have to pay more money for fewer services.  This is the Christmas present the city government has given to it’s residents.  In order to fully appreciate the complete insanity of these policies, we need to give some background to the story.

Tax abatements

In the past few years Philadelphia has had the largest tax abatement program in the nation.  This means that the owners of many new and expensive skyscrapers in the city pay no taxes for ten years.  While the affluent owners of these buildings are enjoying their tax abatements, the school system has been cut to the tune of $400 million.

Racial discrimination

One of the borders of Philadelphia is City Line Avenue.  On the other side of City Line Avenue is the Lower Merion School district.  Per student funding for public schools in Lower Merion is double of what it is in Philadelphia.  The student population in Philadelphia is overwhelmingly Black and Latino.  The student population in Lower Merion is overwhelmingly white.

Back in 1954 the Supreme Court made its decision of Brown, v. Board of Education.  In this decision the court ruled that: “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”  In this decision, the Supreme Court argued that segregated education is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution that supports equal protection for all citizens.

The reason why there is gross disparity in educational funding is because there was an exception in the Brown v. Board of education ruling.  This ruling only applies to discrimination within cities.  Governments can discriminate all they want as long as this discrimination takes place outside the city limits.

The insanity of the capitalist system

When politicians talk about the need for cutbacks in social services, they know that the resources have been available for about 100 years to do away with poverty in the world.  Certainly there are sufficient numbers of people who would like to teach children the things we all need to know.  Certainly there are enough people who would like to see this happen so educational services could be vastly improved.

We can also say that there are enough workers as well as raw materials to make vast improvements in the standard of living in the world.  Yes, we all need and want: food, clothing, housing, health care, education, transportation, communication, as well as access to cultural activities.  The resources exist to provide everyone in the world with all these goods and services.  So, what is the problem?

We live in a society where the political and economic system is capitalism.  In this system human needs are not the priority.  Corporate profits determine all government action and dictate what will and will not be produced.

One would think that since the owners of capital have so much money, they would be satisfied with their wealth and allow everyone to have the means to live.  This is not how capitalism works.

In 1929 there was a depression and in the year 2008 the world nearly avoided another total economic collapse.  The fact that depressions are a constant feature of capitalism demonstrates how these events will continually occur as long as capitalism exists.

Clearly no one wants schools to close or depressions to happen.  Yet, these are the necessary consequences of the natural functioning of the capitalist system.

The Cuban reality

About 100 miles south of the United States is the island nation of Cuba.  The Cuban people had a political revolution and abolished capitalist property relations.  As a result, today Cuba has more teachers and doctors than any other nation in the world.  This is in a nation that is 100% Latino and about 40% Black. 

Clearly Cuba had many serious problems.  The revolutionary government inherited a nation that had an inadequate manufacturing infrastructure.  Cuba also exists in a predominantly capitalist world that is hostile to a government where human needs are the priority.  This means that the Cuban people lack in many of the goods that people have in developed capitalist nations.

However, the fact that Cuba has been able to survive and advance health care and education in the face of an all out crisis of capitalism is something we need to look at.  Cuba has shown the world that it is possible to make vast improvements in the standard of living of workers and farmers, if we advance a government where human needs are seen as more important than profits.

When we see taxes increase, as schools close, and jobs are eliminated, while we are expected to do more work, for effectively less money, yes, we can look at the Cuban road with a different perspective.  We can make this planet a much better place to live.  We can only do this when we have a government of working people that believes that human needs are more important than profits.     

1493 – uncovering the new world Columbus created - A review

Charles C. Mann’s book argues that globalized relations started with Columbus’ mistake of when he discovered a very old world.

The so-called educational system in the United States exposes students to a mythology course disguised as “American History.”  James Loewen is one of the historians who uncovered many of the routine falsifications in these courses with his book, Lies My Teacher Told Me. 

One of the myths contained in these courses is that Native Americans were not civilized and they needed exposure to the refinements of European civilization in order to escape the darkness.  This myth was blasted away in the book American Indian Contributions to the World – 15,000 years of inventions and innovations by Emory Dean Keoke and Kay Marie Porterfield.

Charles C. Mann views this history from a different perspective.  His book, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus looks at some of the scientific discoveries that have demolished many of the ideas we have associated with Native Americans.

Where did the forests come from?

While many of us assume that the forests of the Western Hemisphere were virgin at the time Europeans came to this part of the world, Mann has a different point of view.  He argues that Native Americans planted many of the trees in these forests.

Today, farmers would never plant oak trees in order to harvest crops of edible acorns.  However, to the Native American, acorns were an edible food and oak trees are useful in many ways that benefitted their lifestyle.

In his book, 1493 – uncovering the new world Columbus created, Mann looked at how the world changed because of European and Asian contact with the Western Hemisphere.  One of his observations was how Native Americans cleared large sections of forestland in order to plant crops.

The consequences of Columbus’ mistake

Christopher Columbus’ goal was to find a shipping rout to China by sailing west.  Despite what we have been taught in school, Columbus did not discover that the world was round.  To the contrary, Mann argues that scientists had known the world was round centuries before Columbus.  In fact, Columbus made an erroneous calculation that contradicted the known science of his day.  He argued that the world was much smaller than it is and he proved himself wrong.

However, the Spanish did find large quantities of silver in the Americas.  The Chinese wanted this silver because they did not have a stable currency.  Mann argued that between 30 and 50 percent of the silver of the Americas went to China.

The Chinese were eager to trade silk and many other commodities for silver.  The Europeans were used to garments made of wool and did not develop cotton garments for many years.  As we might imagine, there was a strong market for silk made in China.  The Chinese emperor ordered peasants to plant mulberry trees.  These trees provided food for the silkworms.       

The world discovers new foods from the Americas

However, gold and silver were not the most valuable commodities that came from the Americas.  Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, as well as chili peppers were all crops that had their origins in the Americas.

In Europe and Asia there was a population increase because of the introduction of these crops.  Because potatoes were easier to farm than grains, farmers had more time to develop handicrafts.

In China the introduction of these crops meant that food could be grown in mountainous regions.  This meant that farmers cut down forests to make room for food crops which allowed the population to increase.  However, when China lost many of its mountainous forests, this increased flooding which was one reason for famines.

Off the coast of Ecuador are the Galapagos Islands.  On these islands there are huge amounts of bird droppings that contain nitrogen.  Farmers used these bird droppings to fertilize the soil and many crops did not need to be rotated as a result.

However, mixed in with the bird droppings was a fungus that destroyed potato crops all over the world.  The potato originated in the Andean Mountains.  The native people of that region used different methods to farm potatoes.  They planted numerous varieties of potatoes and created a border around each field.  Because the native people used these methods, they never had a potato blight the rest of the world suffered from.

Rubber

According to Charles Mann there are three commodities that are indispensable to the industrialized world.  These are: fossil fuels, steel, and rubber.  Rubber originated in Brazil.  However, rubber production in Brazil did not flourish because there are natural obstacles that make large-scale production impossible. 

Today, rubber continues to be necessary for industrialization.  Synthetic rubber doesn’t have the desired qualities of the natural variety.  Most rubber today is grown in Southeast Asia.  However, there is a strong possibility that the natural predators of Brazil will find their way to Southeast Asia.  This has the potential to cause a worldwide catastrophe.

Mosquitoes

While most of us assume that mosquitoes are common to the world, Mann argues that they came from Africa.  When slaves came to the Americas, they came with mosquitoes.  While the African salves had a resistance to diseases spread by mosquitoes, the rest of the world didn’t. 

This meant that Europeans who came to the Americas oftentimes experienced diseases spread by mosquitoes for about three years.  The economist Adam Smith argued that it was cheaper to hire indentured servants from Europe than to import slaves from Africa.  Smith did not account for the time Europeans became ill because of diseases like malaria and yellow fever.  When slave owners accounted for these diseases, they found it cheaper to use the horrendous institution of chattel slavery.  In other words, Black people were kidnapped and shipped to the Americas because they were physically superior to Europeans.   

Conclusion

The theme of Charles Mann’s book 1493 is how globalization is not a recent phenomenon.  This started with the integration of the Americas with the rest of the world.

Today the capitalist system has invented imperialist property relations.  This means that about 40% of the world’s population lives on two dollars per day or less.  This also means that about 250 families have more wealth than half of the world’s population.

While Mann’s book gives us a lot of information about our history, he fails to even mention the biggest problem we have been facing for the past hundred years.  This problem is that the capitalist world is dedicated to creating profits for a tiny minority of the population.  When we begin to deal with this problem, then all the other problems Mann writes about can be resolved.